KAIZEN CLASSES
(Seed beaing plants)
(Petals free) (Petals
fused)
(One whorl of perianth)
Inferae Heteromerae Bicarpillate
Divide
into 8 series
(Hypogynous) A disc (cushion shaped (epigynous or Families
Ovary,
Hypogynous)
7 – series
Plant
Kingdom
eg. Algae, fungi
Pollen
tube absent - Pollen tube
present
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Dicots
Monocots
Lignosae (woody
plans) Calyciferae – calyx & corolla
distinct
Herbaceae
Corolliferae – calyx & corolla more or
Glumiflorae – Perianth reduced
PLANT TAXONOMY OR SYSTEMATIC BOTANY
-study of identification,
nomenclature and classification of organism.
identification: it is the finding of correct name and place
of an organism in a system of
classification
nomenclature: it is the assigning of proper names to organisms
or it is the
determination of correct name as per rules.
classification: it deals with ordering into groups.
- term taxonomy was given by A.P.
de candolle.
v
father of taxonomy & Modern Botany: carolus Linnaeus .
v
Systematics: Taxonomy in which plants are classified on
basis of phylogeny (evolutionary history) or it is the study of diversity of
organism & all their comparative and evolutionary relationship based on
comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, comparative biochemistry.
SYSTEMATICS = TAXONOMY +PHYLOGENY + DIVERSITY
Term “Systematic ’’ was given by Linnaeus
Term “Phylogeny’’ was given by Lamarck
DIFERENT BRANCHES OF FAXONOMY
1.
ALPHA TAXONOMY:
v
Early phase of taxonomy /Descriptive
Systematics
v
In this taxonomy plants are classified on the
basis of only
morphological
characters
2.
BETA TAXONOMY: It deals with the arrangement
of taxa into
hierarchial system.
3.
BIOSYSTEMATICS / NEO – SYSTEMATICS / NEW SYSTEMATICS /
OMEGA TAXONOMY:
v
It involve not only morphological
character but also genctical,
anatomical, physiological,
palynological character i.e. in this
Systematics all biological
parameters are taken into consideration to
classify organism.
v
Term Neo- Systematic was given by Julian Huxley Q.
It led to the origin
of different branches-
a. Cytotaxonomy / Karyotaxonomy – Taxonomy +
Cytology
v
plant are classified on basis of
cytological characters like number,
shape, size of
chromosomes and their behavior during cell division
etc. etc.
b. Chemo Taxonomy / Bio chemical Taxonomy:
v It deals with classification of plant on
basis of chemical characters like latex,
gum, resin, oil
c. Numerical / phonetic /Adansonian
Classification:
v Proposed by Adanson
- It employs numerical methods for the
evaluation of similarities and
differences between
groups of organism.
-In this method as many
characteristics as possible are used for these
Comparisons , without
extra emphasis being given to any one.
- All characters considered for analysis are
given equal importance and
weightage.
-These data are processed and analysed though
computers.
-This system is
considered better because it uses large number of
comparable characters to
assign a place to the species.
v Sokal
and sneath wrote the book
“principles of Numerical taxonomy’
d. Experimental Taxonomy:
It is based on experimental determination of genetic
inter relationship identification of
evolutionary units (subspecies / varieties) within a species.
4. TAXONOMY:
v Based upon phylogeny
v Term ----- taxonomy were given by Turill.
5. CLASSICAL / OLD SYSTEMATICS:
v Its concept was given by Plato. Aristotle
& followed by Linnaeus.
v According to this concept species is static
unchangeable. so instead of large population a few
Individual can be studied to get information about all characters of
species.
v This is called typological consent of species.
6. CLASSICAL
TAXONOMY:
v
Based on origin, evolution and variation
of organism.
History of classification:
Chandyogya Upanishad classified animals into three categories viz.
jivaja (viviparous), Andaja (oviparous)
and Udbhija (vegetal origin).
susuruta samhita (600 B.C.,written by susuruta – father of
surgery) classified all substances into
Sthavara (immobile) eg: plants
Jangama (mobile) e.g. animals
parasra grouped angiosperms into –
Dvimatruka (Dicots)
Ekamatruka (Monocots)
Hippocrates (father of Medicine) and Aristotle
arranged animals into 4major groups like- Insects, Birds, Fishes &
Whales.
Aristotle wrote Historia Animals (the
first book of zoology). He arranged animals into Hierarchies. He formulated the Great
Chain of Being (Scala Naturae i.e. Ladder of Nature)- a
chain of progressive Changes in nature(some type of evolution).
John Ray
described 18,000
plants and animals in Historia Generalis
Plantarum.
He coined the term genus and species.
CONCEPT OF
SPECIES
Species: Group of individuals, Which can interbreed & produces fertile
offspring.
v
Term species was given by John Ray.
Reproductive Isolation: Members of diff species can’t interbreed
naturally. This is called reproductive isolation. But they can interbreed in captivity.
Male
Horse X Female donkey
Female Horse X
male donkey
(Equus equus ) (
Equus asinus)
Mule Hinny
v
Reproductive
isolation maintains sanctity or purity of species.
Biological Concept of species: Biological concept of species was given by Adolf Mayr.It is based on reproductive
isolation.
Nominalistic Concept of Species: According to this concept Sps. have no
existence only individuals exist.
Morphospecies: Morphologically similar species.
Taxonomic Species:
Species have definite binominal name.
Sibling Species: Morphologically similar and reproductively
isolated species
Allopatric species: species living in different geographical area
are called allopitic
species.
Sympatric Species: Species living in same geographical area are called Allopatric
species .
Neontological species:
living Species.
Palaeospecies : Fossil species.
Monotypic Species: Species having one or no
variety or subspecies.
Polytypic Species: Species having many varieties or subspecies
Monotypic Genus: Genus having only one species
e.g. Fritschiella tuberosa (terrestaial
alga), Welwitschia , mirabilis.
TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
Species – Is the smallest unit of classification.
Genus (pl. Genera) – Group of similar species Term genus was given
by JOHN RAY
eg: potato &
Brinjal constitue genus Solanum
Family – Group of closely related genus.
eg: Solanum,
Lycopersicon, capsicum are included in family
Solanaceae
Order – Group of similar families.
Class
- Group of similar order.
Division / phylum (pl. phyla) – Group of similar classes.
kingdom – Group of similar phyla.
These categories are ranked above the
other. This is called Hierarchical
classification.
The higher the categories lesser will be
the no. of common characters tics of
organism
v
Kingdom is largest unit of classification.
v
There are 7 obligate categories.
v
Each category can be divided into sub
category.
v
phylum of animal is equivalent to division
in plant.
v
Term phylum was given by cuvier.
Taxon:
It is the taxonomic
group of any rank.
Term taxon was given by Adolf
Mayr for animals by J.Lam for plants.
Suffixes used in different
taxon.
ICBN- According to ICBN (international code of Botanical
nomenclature) the names of diff. taxon must end in following suffixes.
Rank of
category Suffixes
- Phylum / division 1.-phyta (eg. Anthophyta)
- sub phylum / sub div. 2.-phytina
- class 3.-opside (Magaoliopsica)
- Sub class 4.-ideae
- Order 5.-ales (eg. Malvales)
- Sub-order 6.-ineac
- family 7.-aceae
- sub-family 8.-oideae
- Tribe 9.-eae
10. Sub-tribe
10.-inae
Name of 8 families
Old Name New Name
- Cruciferae 1.Brassicaceac
- Compositae 2.Asteraccae
- Graminae 3.poaccae
- Labiatae 4.Lamiaceae
- Umbelliferae 5.Apiaceae
- Leguminoseae 6.Fabaceae
- palmae 7.Arccaccae
- Gutifereae 8. Clusiaccae
The rules of nomenclature are framed and standardised by ICBN &
ICZN
Foundation of ICBN appeared in 1978
ICZN- International code of Zoological
nomenclature
ICVN – International code of Viral nomenclature
ICNCP- International code of Nomenclature for
Cultivated Plants
SYSTEMS OF NOMENCLATURE
1. polynomial Nomenclature:
According to this system name of organism
consist of many Words.
It was cumbersome so was rejected later
eg: Caryophyllum
saxatilis foils gramineus umbellatus corymbis
2. Bionomial Nomenclature :
-The idea
of binomial nomenclature was given by Gaspard
Bauhin in his book PENAX.
-But this
was elaborated and employed by Carolus
Linnaeus in his book “species plantarum’’.
-Acc. to
this system name consist of two Latin words first word is generic epithet & 2nd is species or specific epithet .
-Generic
name is a noun so started with capital letter and specific name is an adjective
so is Written is small letters.
-Both
generic & specific name are Written in italics or separately underlined to
indicate their Latin origin.
- If
specific name consist of two words then they are hyphened.
eg.
Hibiscus rosa – sinensis.
-Biological name are derived from Latin language or Latinized.
-Latin
was the common language among the scholars of that time. This language is still
recommended in nomenclature because now it is a dead language and it is not
changing or evolving in form or spelling.
Authority of the name :
-The abbreviated name of scientist written
after botanical name is called the authority of the name . It is the name of
scientist who proposed name & described the species. It is written in Roman
& not underlined
eg.
Rosa indica linn .
Parenthetical Authority :
-When some changes are
made in botanical name, then the name of original author is placed in
parenthesis (bracket) and is followed by name of person, who made changes.
eg.
Albizza lebbek (Linn.) Benth.
Principle of priority :
-According to this rule each taxon can bear
one correct name and correct name is earliest legitimate one.
Tautonyms:
-When specifies name exactly repeats generic
name
eg.
Naja naja
Bubo bubo (owl)
Eqqus equus (horse)
-These are not
applicable (illegitimate) in botanical nomenclature, but applicable in
zoological nomenclature.
3.
Trinomial Nomenclature:
-According to this
system name of organism consist of three words. First word is genus, second is
species and third is variety or subspecies.
eg: Brassica
oleracea var. botrytis
Homo
sapiens sapiens
Typification
:
The name of taxon are determined
by means of nomenclature type / type genus.
Nomenclatural
type / type genus: is that element
with which the name of taxon is permanently attached.
Nomenclatural types are of following type
Holotype : it is the
original specimen which is designated as nomenclatural type.
Isotype
: Duplicate of Holotype
if several plants
are collected at the same time then one is Holotype and other are Isotype.
Lectoype: When Holotype is missing then specimen selected from original material (isotypes) to serve as nomenclatural
type is called lectotype.
Neotype: When all the original
material on which the description of species
Was based is missing then new specimen selected to serve as nomenclatural type is called Neotype.
SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION
v
placing of an organism into a proper
category is called classification
v
Organisms are classified to establish
relationship.
There are 3 systems of classification
1. Artificial system :
In this system plants are classified on
basis of a few (on or two) morphological characters.
a.
Theophrasturs (300BC) He 1st of all classified the
plants into four categories Viz-herbs shrubs, Undershrubs & trees in his
book “Historia plantarum’’
b.
Carolus
Linnaeus: He was born on 23 may 1707 at Result village, South Sweden.
Books of Linnaeus:
1.Species
Plantarum 2.Genera plantarum
3. Classes plantarum 4. Philosophia Botanica
5. Critiea plantarum 6.
Hortus Upplandicus
7. Hortus Cliffortinus 8.
Systemea Naturae in1758AD. for animal classification)
-Linnaeus classified all the plants into
24 classes on basis of sex orgar s. So his classification is also called sexual system of classification
24 –
classes
1.
Monandria – 1 stamen
2. Diandria – 2 stamen
3.
Triandria – 3 stamen
4. Tetrandria – 4 stamen
5.
Pentandria – 5 stamen
6. Hexandria – 6 stamen
7.
Heptandria – 7 stamen
8. Octandria – 8 starmen
9.
Enneandria - 9 stamen 10. Decandria – 10 starmen
11. Dodecandria – 11 to 19
stamen free
12. Icosandria – 20 or more
stamens but attached to calyx
13. polyandria- 20 or more
stamen but free
14. Didynamia – Didynamous
flowers
15. Tetradynamia – tetradynamous
16. Monoadelphia – monadelphous
17. Diadelphia diadelphous
18. Polyadelphia polyadelphous
19. Syngenesia – Syngenesuous
20. Gynandria – Cryandeous
21. Monoecia – Monocecious
22. Dioecia
23. Polygonia
24. Crytogamia
Outline of Classification
Plant kingdom
Cryptogams
Phanerogams or Spermatophytes
(Seed beaing plants)
Dicotyledonae Gymnosperms Monocotyledonae
Polypetalae
Gamopetalae
Monochlamydoe/Incomplete
(Petals free) (Petals
fused)
(One whorl of perianth) Inferae Heteromerae Bicarpillate
Divide
into 8 series
Thalamiflorae Disciflorae Calyciflorae
(Hypogynous) A disc (cushion shaped (epigynous or Families
Is present at
the base of Perigynous) Divided into
Ovary,
Hypogynous)
7 – series  |
divided into
6 orders 4 Orders 5 Orders
eg: Ranunclaecae eg Rutaceae eg Leguminoseae
Cruciferae,
Papaveraceae Cucurbitaceae
Malvaceae
2. Natural System of
Classification
In this plants are
classified on basis of all available morphological characters
eg: Bentham & Hooker’ s classification
Bentham & Hooker were British botanist associated with Royal Botanical Garden, Kew . They
proposed natural system of
classification in their book “Genera
plantarum’’(3 volumes) in this classification they classified 7569 gnera & 97205 species in 200
families. This classification is post Darwinian but it is not influenced by
evolution.
v
This System in followed is Britain and its
Commonwealth countries like India,
But is not followed in
America & Germany, they follow Engler
and prantl’s classification.
Draw Backs of Bentham & Hooker
Classification
1.
The
placed (sand witched) gymnosperm b/w Dicots and monocots
2.
Family
cucurbitaceae (order passiflorales) is having gamcpetlous condition but has been placed in Polypetalae.
3. Phylogenetic Classification / Chadisties / phyletic :
v
Plants are classified on the basis of
evolutionary history.
Supporters
: Engler & Prantl, Hutchinson, Bessey, Ostwald – Tipo, Takhtajan,
Cronquist etc.
Engler & Prantl’s Classification (German Botanist)
·
They
published their classification in “Die
Naturlichen pflenzen familien’’.
·
They
classified all the plants in 280 families.
Plant
Kingdom
Nom Embroyphyta
Embryophyta (no embryo
formation)
eg. Algae, fungi
Embryophyta Asiphonogama Embryophyta siphonogama
Pollen
tube absent - Pollen tube
present
eg.
Bryophyta & Pteridophyta
Gymnosperm Angiosperm
Monocots
Dicots
 |
11 – Orders
 |
Arehichlamydae
Metachlamydae / Sympetalae
eg. Apetalous or eg. Gamopetalous
Polypetalous
Draw Backs
1.
They placed monocots before Dicots.
2.
They classification is partly phylogentie & partly natural.
Hutchinson’s Classification
-
British
Botanist
-
Published
classification in his book “The families
of flowering plants’’
-
There
are 110 order & 411 families in his classification
Phanerogams
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms  |
Dicots
Monocots  |
Lignosae (woody
plans) Calyciferae – calyx & corolla
distinct Herbaceae
Corolliferae – calyx & corolla more or
less
similar
Glumiflorae – Perianth reduced
Takhtajan: used the term magnoliophyta for Angiosperms.
Some primitive and advanced characters
(Acc. to I Iutchinson & Bessey)
Primitive
Advanced
1.
Trees
& Shrubs 1.Herbal
2.
Perrennial
& biennial
2. Annuals
3.
Alternate
phyllotaxy
3. Opposite Phyllotaxy
4.
Simple
leaf
4. Compound leaf
5.
Bisexual
flower
5. Unisexual
6.
Solitary
flower
6. Inflorescence
7.
More
petals, sepals stamens, etc & free 7. Less petal, etc & fused
8.
Free
carpel (apocarpous) 8.
Fused carpel’s (syncarpous)
9.
Simple
fruit
9. Composite &
Aggregate
10. Hypogyny
10. Perigyny & Epigyny
11.Endospermic 11. Non endospermic seeds
12. Cotyledons two
12. One
13. Integuments two
13. Integument one
14. Chromosome number low 14. Chromosome number high
v
Largest & Highly evolved / advanced
family – compositae (Dicots)
v
Most primitive family Ranunculaeeae (herbaceous gp) and Magnoliaceae (woody gp)
Taxonomic Aids:
(A)
Herbarium : Iy is a Store
house of collected plant specimen that are dried, pressed
plants and preserved on sheets. These sheets are
arranged according to an
accepted system
of classification size of herbarium sheet
= 28 x 42 cm / 16
½ ‘’ x 11½ ’’
(B)
Botanical Gardens : Place
where living plants are grown for reference
-
Also called Living Herbaria .
special sections of Botanical
Gardens :
Caetorium : part of garden where main collections are
cacti.
Orctorium : part of garden
where main collection are orchids.
Bambusetum : part of garden where main
collection are bamboos.
Arboretum : part of garden
where main collection are woody plant species (trees&
shrubs)
Pinetum : It is an arboretum where main collection
are conifers
Palm-house : palms are grown.
Largest herbaria & botanical
garden of would : Royal Botanical Garden, Kew,
England. also called
Botanical capital of world
Started by sir Henry Capel, then development by princess Augusta.
Largest herbarium & botanical garden of India – Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur,
Hawrah Kolkata.
It was started by Robert Kyd,
organized by William Roxburghii .
NBRI
– National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow.
Built by Nawab saadat Ali
khan (1789-1814) &
adapted by Wajid Ali Shah.
FRI
– Forest Research Institute Dehradun.
Lal
Bagh Botanical Garden- Banglore.
Lloyd
Botanical Garden- Darjeeling
Botanical Garden, Saharanpur
(C)
Museum: they have collection of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and
reference. Specimens are preserved in
containers or jars in preservatives (like formalin).
Larger
animal like birds and mammals usually stuffed and preserved.
(D) Zoological
parks or Zoos : These the places where wild animals are kept in protected
environment under human management. It enable us to learn about their habits
and behavior.
(E) Monograph : It is a book / essay which gives
comprehensive account of all the available information about a taxon
(genus/family etc.) It is highly useful taxonomic aid.
(F) Manual : It is a handbook providing compiled
information about a particular with all the families genera, spa and keys for
their identification .
(G) Keys : These are artificial analytical
devices in the form of dichotomous table of alternate characteristics
which are used in the identification of a class, genus and spa.
Keys are two types:
(i) Indented or Yoked Key : Here there is a sequence of two or mere alternate characteristics from which
selection or choice is to be made though selection and climination.
(ii) Bracketed Key : The key does not separate
contrasting characters by subdividing but instead give them numbers in bracket.
Some Famous Research Institute
1. CSIR - Council of scientific and industrial
Research, New Delhi
2. CDRI – Central Drug& Research Institute, Lucknow
3. ITRC – Industrial Toxicological Research, Lucknow
4. CIMAP – Central Institute, of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Lucknow
5. BSRIP – Birbal Sahni Research Institute of paleo Botany , Lucknow
6. CTRI – Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajmundhary, Andhra Pradesh
7. CFRI – Central Fruit Research Institute, Sobour, Bhagalpur, Bihar
8. CFTRI
– Central Food Technological
Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka
9. SBRI
–Sugarecame Breeding
Research Institute, Coimbatore, T.N.
10. CRRI
– Central Rice Research
Institute, Cuttack, Orissa
11. IRRI
– International Rice
Research Institute Manilla, Philippines.
12. ICAR– Indian Council of Agricultural Research Pusa, New Delhi.
13. ICRI
– Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, Pusa, Delhi.
14. NDRI
– National Dairy Research
Institute, Karnal, Haryana
15. IVRI
– Indian Veterinary Research
Institute, Izzatnagar, Barielly
16. IGFRI
– Indian Grassland and
Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi
17. ICRISAT
– International Crop
Research Institute for semi Arid Tropics,
Hyderabad
18. CAZRI
– Central Arid Zone Research Institute,
Jodhpur, Rajasthan
19. CPRI
– Central Potato Research
Institute, Shimla
20. CSSRI
– Central Soil Salinity
Research Institute, Karnal
21. FAO
– Food and Agricultural Organization.
22. BSI
– Botanical Survey of India,
Head office at, Howrah.
Floral Formula : Short hand representation of important floral
charactersties
Br -
Bracteate K –
Calyx, 5 sepals, free (polysepalous)
EBr – Ebraeteate K –
Sepals, tused
Brl – Bracteolate ( ) - Fused
Ebrl – Ebractcolate C – Corolla,
4 petals, free (polypetalous)
Actinomorphic A – Androecium, 10
stamens
Zygomorphic C A Epipetalous
Bisesual G Gynaceium , 2 ear pels (free)
Male G Superior ovary, hypogynous flower
Female
G Inferior ovary, Fpigynous
flower
Epicalyx G Perigynous, semi – Superior semi – inferior.
